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CLASS 162,	PAPER MAKING AND FIBER LIBERATION
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This class includes:

A. Processes for the liberation, recovery or purification of fibers as individual staple fibers or as a pulp of such fibers, including cellulosic fibers, from a fibrous containing material by use of a reagent which exerts some chemical or solvent action upon the fibrous material.

B. Reagent compositions employed in the processes "A" above, and processes of preparation of such compositions, not otherwise provided for;

C. Processes including the deposition of fibers from a liquid suspension thereof in order to form an interfelted product and processes of treatment of the deposited fibrous product prior to the final drying thereof;

D. Fibrous pulps and deposited fibrous webs or articles which are produced by processes "A" or "C" above, which are not otherwise provided for;

E. In addition to the products set forth in "D," this class also includes any nonstructural fiber or fiber containing product (e.g., particular fiber blend) manufactured by any other process (e.g., airlaid) where not elsewhere provided for. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, and also see References to Other Classes, below, for classes that refer to this section.

F. Apparatus employed in carrying out processes "A" and "C" above, not otherwise provided for;

G. An endless Fourdrinier wire is provided for in this class.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

A. FIBER PREPARATION OR TREATING PROCESSES

Within this class processes of fiber preparation are classified in subclass 1. This portion of the class is concerned with the treating of fiber and fibrous materials with chemicals for the purpose of making a pulp or suspension of individual staple fibers which may be deposited from a liquid suspension thereof, thus forming an interfelted fibrous product (paper) or the fibers may be employed for textile purposes.

This class provides for the chemical liberation of these fibers as well as the purification or refining, bleaching, etc., of the fibers with a reagent which exerts some chemical action.

LINE WITH CLASS 8 AND CLASS 19

This class is related to Class 8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, and Class 19, Textiles: Fiber Preparation, which also provide for fiber treating processes. Class 8 provides for processes of fluid treatment and chemical modification of textiles and fibers not elsewhere provided for. With respect to pulps and suspension of individual fibers the line with Class 8 is as follows:

Class 162 takes (1) processes involving liberating, purifying, bleaching or refining such fibers, (2) processes in which the fibers are modified by hydration, mercerizing or parchmentizing; Class 8 takes all processes of chemically modifying such fibers other than by hydration, mercerization or parchmentizing. Class 162 (in subclass 100 particularly subclass 162) also takes dyeing of such fibers.

Class 8 provides for purifying, bleaching, etc., of fabrics, strands, yarns, filaments, etc., as distinguished from fibrous pulps. Patents to processes in which both a fibrous pulp and a fabric, strand, yarn, etc., is claimed (or disclosed if claimed only generically) are classified in Class 8. Combinations of a step of purifying or liberating the fiber with a step of modifying it, per se, belonging in Class 8, are classified in Class 162.

Class 8, particularly in subclasses 137+ and 147+, provides for the cleaning and laundering of textile fabrics and fibers, that is, for the removal of materials not originally associated with a natural fiber and the removal of any material from synthetic fibers. The treatment may be effected with or without chemical action. Thus, manipulative processes of washing pulp or fibers in bulk form are classified in Class 8, subclass 156.

Class 19 provides for the mechanical treatment of fibers to put them in condition for use.

See References to Other Classes, below, for related fiber preparation or treating processes classes.

B. FIBER TREATING AGENTS

Chemical reagent compositions used for liberating fiber from a fiber containing material (e.g., wood) are included and are classified with the corresponding process. This class provides also for processes of making or regenerating such agents. Also see Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.

C. FIBROUS PRODUCT MAKING AND TREATING

This class includes processes of forming an interfelted fibrous product by deposition from liquid suspension including the addition of other material to the fibrous suspension whether the deposition step is included or not. This class also includes processes for treating the deposited web or article prior to final drying thereof. The fibrous character of the product must be retained in the final product. Also see Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.

D. COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER PAPER TREATING OPERATIONS

This class generally includes combinations of a fiber liberation or purification step with other fiber treating steps or of a deposition from a liquid suspension with other treatment of the interfelted product (in which the fibrous nature of the product is retained). Processes of fiber liberation or purification combined with processes of employing the liberated fibers for the manufacture of a product (other than by deposition from a fiber suspension) are, in general, classified in the class providing for the particular manufacturing operation involved. See References to Other Classes, below.

E. PRODUCTS

This provides for paper products resulting from processes classified herein. However, articles and materials having structure or other characteristics provided for in other classes are classified therein, even though made of paper, or disclosed or claimed as having been made by a process classifiable herein. Also see References to Other Classes, below.

F. APPARATUS

This class includes apparatus employed for carrying out processes classifiable herein not otherwise provided for. Also see Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SUBCLASSES

1	PROCESSES OF CHEMICAL LIBERATION, RECOVERY OR PURIFICATION OF NATURAL CELLULOSE OR FIBROUS MATERIAL:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes for the liberation, recovery or purification of cellulose or of fibers as individual fibers or fibrous pulp occurring in a fibrous material by the use of a reagent which exerts some solvent or chemical action upon the fibrous material and the reagent compositions employed in such processes. (1) Note. Processes classifiable in this or indented subclasses include those involving the use of a material which exerts some solvent action or reacts with some constituent of the fibrous material, without destroying the fibrous characteristics of the material. Included are treatments with steam and water heated above atmospheric temperature. Processes involving hydration, mercerizing or parchmentizing of the resultant liberated fiber or of an undried web of fibers freshly deposited from liquid suspension are also included, however other treatments of chemically modifying of fibers are classified in Class 8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers, particularly subclasses 115.5+. (2) Note. Chemical reagent compositions employed in processes of liberating (digesting) fibers are classified with the corresponding process of liberating, note particularly subclasses 70+. Processes involving recovering or regenerating such compositions in condition for reuse in digestion (liberation) are classified in subclasses 29+. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 29+, for processes including the recovery, reuse or recycling of the digestion agent or liquor (see (2) Note). 70+, for processes of liberating cellulosic fiber employing a particular digesting composition and for the compositions employed (see (2) Note). 100+, for liberated fiber compositions and fiber pulps resulting from processes classifiable herein (subclasses 1+) not otherwise provided for. 232+, for apparatus employed in processes of digestion of fibrous material classified herein (subclasses 1+). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   appropriate subclass for chemical modification and fluid treatment of fibers and textiles, not otherwise provided for. Processes of bleaching and purifying individual fibers or fiber pulp, as distinguished from filaments, yarns, textiles, etc., is classifiable in this class (162). Similarly, hydration, mercerization or parchmentizing such fibers or undried web thereof are also in this class (162). Other chemical modification or fluid treatment of textiles and fibers, (e.g., dyeing) are found in Class 8. Bleaching or purifying processes which, as claimed, may be applied either to a fiber or fibrous pulp as well as to a filament yarn or textile are classified in Class 8. 19,  Textiles: Fiber Preparation,   appropriate subclasses, for the purification, recovery or liberation of fibers by mechanical action only. 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclass 123.1 for coating or plastic compositions having as one ingredient thereof a cellulose liberation liquor. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 689 through 694for electrolytic treatment of organic fibrous material. 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   subclass 28 and other appropriate subclasses, for processes of fiber liberation involving mechanical comminution only, or such comminution in the presence of water at ambient or lower temperatures. The combination of mechanical comminution and chemical treatment or treatment of fibrous material with water at higher than ambient temperature, is classified in Class 162. See especially subclasses 20 through 28. 252,  Compositions,   subclasses 186.1+ , 187.1 and 188.1+ for mere bleaching agents, even though they may be used for bleaching fibers as provided for herein (in Class 162). 423,  Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   appropriate subclasses, for the recovery of chemical elements or inorganic compounds, per se, and for the line between the classes, see line note to Class 162 in the definition of class 423, Search Notes. 435,  Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   subclasses 277 and 278 for processes of liberating, recovering and/or purifying of fibers, involving fermentation. 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or speading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art. 536,  Organic Compounds,   particularly subclasses 30 and 56 for processes of modifying cellulose in which its fibrous nature is destroyed, e.g., in the production of cellulose esters.

2	Animal fibers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which include the liberation, recovery and/or purification of animal fibers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 143+, and 151, for processes of depositing fibrous products from waterlaying a liquid suspension which include animal fibers, and the products of such processes. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   subclasses 94.1+ for fluid or chemical treatment of hides, skins, feathers and animal tissues, not otherwise provided for, subclass 127.5 for processes of chemically modifying proteinaceous fibers, and subclass 138 for processes for fluid or chemical treatment of silk for the removal of servicing, or other naturally occurring gum or wax. Processes classifiable in this subclass (2) generally include the production of a fiber pulp from a raw proteinaceous fibrous material, (e.g., leather). 260,  Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   subclasses 112+ for proteins and reaction products thereof. 435,  Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   subclasses 251 and 252 for processes of liberation or purification of silk, keratins or protein involving fermentation.

3	Mineral fibers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which include the purification, recovery and/or liberation of mineral fibers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 145, and 152+, for processes of waterlaying products depositing fibrous products from a liquid suspension which includes mineral fibers, and the resulting products. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 376+ for a process of making glass fibers or mineral wool. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 62.2+ for laminating processes in which at least one lamina, e.g., a batt, is formed by bulk deposition of discrete particles. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 109+ for processes under the class definition for forming articles by uniting randomly associated particles, not containing free metal particles, particularly subclass 110 providing for mica particles. 423,  Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   subclasses 326+ for the chemical preparation of silicates not combined with a fiber liberation step; see also line note to Class 162 in definition of Class 423, Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class.

4	Waste paper or textile waste:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which include the treatment of paper or textile waste such as old newspapers, waste rags, etc. (1) Note. Many of the processes classifiable herein are drawn to the "deinking" of news print. Many processes also include a mechanical defibration. In this subclass the chemical or solvent agent may act upon the ink, or other material associated with the waste paper or textile. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 191, for processes including the recovery or reuse of the "broke" or "trim", which is the waste material from a previous waterlaying step, for the production of pulp for further waterlaying, which process does not involve any repulping with a chemical or solvent agent. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   for processes of chemically removing coatings, such as wax, from a paper base without otherwise affecting the base, where the coating is not recovered. 208,  Mineral Oils: Processes and Products,   subclasses 24+ , for processes of recovering wax from waxed paper which does not include the recovery of fiber or fibrous pulp.

5	With organic agent:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Processes in which an organic agent is employed. (1) Note. In many cases the organic agent is a solvent for the ink in a deinking process. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 72+, for the digestion or treatment of nonwaste or unused cellulose in which an organic agent is employed.

6	With chlorine, chlorine compounds, oxygen, ozone, or per-compounds:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Processes in which elemental chlorine, a chlorine compound, oxygen, ozone or a percompound is employed. (1) Note. Example of percompounds are hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate and potassium permanganate. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 73, 74 and 87+, for processes of digesting or treating nonwaste or unused cellulose in which chlorine or a chlorine compound is employed. 78, for processes of digesting a treating nonwaste or unused cellulose in which a percompound is employed.

7	With sulfur or sulfur compound:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Processes in which elemental sulfur or a sulfur compound is employed. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 82, for processes of digesting or treating nonwaste or unused cellulose with sulfur or a sulfur-containing material.

8	With alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium compound:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Processes in which an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or ammonium compound is employed. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 90, for processes of digesting or treating nonwaste or unused cellulose in which an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium hydroxide or carbonate is employed.

9	With chemical or physical modification of liberated fiber:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with a chemical or physical modification of the liberated fiber. (1) Note. Examples of chemical or physical modifications included a formation of a cellulose derivative, change of shape of the fiber as curling, twisting, untwisting, puffing, swelling (with agent other than water), etc. (2) Note. Excluded from this subclass are (1) dyeing, (2) removal of a constituent of the fiber unless accompanied by some physical deformation of the fiber such as curling, puffing, etc., and (3) hydration, mercerizing or parchmentizing of the fiber, even though combined with a digestion or purification of the fibrous material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 79, for processes of parchmentizing cellulose fibers by use of zinc chloride. 82, for processes of parchmentizing cellulose fibers by use of sulfuric acid. 90, for processes of mercerizing cellulose fibers. 146, and 157.1+, for processes of making paper products (depositing from liquid suspension) in which chemically modified fibers are employed.

10	With non-fiber material added to product:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with the addition or retention of a nonfibrous ingredient to or in the feltable fibrous product. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 158+, for processes involving adding or retaining one or more nonfibrous ingredients to or in the fibrous product not combined with the digestion, liberation or purification of the fibers.

11	Fiber supplied constituent:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 10.  Processes in which the nonfibrous ingredient is derived in whole or in part from the plant or portion thereof from which the fiber is liberated. (1) Note. The nonfiber material may be extracted from the raw fiber-containing material and later added to the same batch of material from which it was derived, or to a different batch. The nonfiber material may also be the reaction product of an original constituent of the plant, such as a gum, wax, resin, lignin, etc., and an externally applied reagent. It may also be present as the result of redistribution within the fiber, as where it is desired to have the constituent uniformly distributed within the fiber. (2) Note. A digestion process will seldom result in the removal of all the nonfibrous ingredients from vegetable growth. Processes will be classified in this and indented subclasses only when the digestion is purposefully incomplete, as where it is stated that a substantial amount of fiber-impregnating or adhesive matter is retained. (3) Note. This subclass includes for example the combination of digestion and returning the waste liquor to the pulp as a nonfiber additive.

12	Added to web or article:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 10.  Processes in which the nonfiber material is added to self-sustaining fibrous web or body which has been deposited or formed from a liquid suspension of the fibers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 158+, particularly subclasses 184+, for the application of a nonfiber additive to a formed fibrous web or article not combined with a liberation or purification of the fibers.

13	With formation of web or article:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with the step of depositing or forming a fibrous web or article from a liquid suspension of the liberated or purified fibers. (1) Note. Processes including liberating or purifying fibers followed by forming a web or article in which the formation is set forth by name only, as for example, "waterlaying" without including any details of the waterlaying operation, are not classifiable in this subclass but elsewhere on the basis of the particular fiber liberation or purification. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 10+, for processes of this type also including the addition of a nonfiber material to the resultant web or article.

14	Including recovery of organic by-product:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with the recovery of an organic constituent from the raw fibrous material or a reaction product derived from such constituent, in addition to the liberated fiber. (1) Note. The organic material recovered must originate or be formed from the fibrous material. Mere separation of the organic material is sufficient unless it is destroyed or discarded. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 29+, for digestion or chemical treating processes in which the digestion liquor or treating agent is recovered or reused for treatment of further quantities of fibrous material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   particularly subclasses 123.11+ for processes of preparation of plastic or coating composition wherein a cellulose liberation liquor is employed. 435,  Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   subclasses 251 and 252 for processes of fermenting cellulose liberation waste liquor not combined with a fiber liberation. 530,  Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives; Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 205+ for tall oil and its reaction products, and subclasses 500+ for lignins and reaction products thereof.

15	From digester relief gases:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 14.  Processes in which the organic material is recovered from gases given off from a digester. (1) Note. An example of gas given off from a digester is that in relief of pressure.

16	From waste liquor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 14.  Processes in which the organic material is recovered from waste fiber treating agent or liquor following its separation from the chemically treated fibers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 29+, for digestion or chemical treating processes in which the digestion liquor or treating agent is recovered or reused for treatment of further quantities of fibrous material.

17	Continuous chemical treatment or continuous charging or discharging:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes in which the fibrous material passes substantially continuously into and out of the treating zone. (1) Note. The raw fibrous material is continuously fed to, flowed through and discharged from the treating zone with the material normally being admitted and discharged at the same rates. "Continuous batch" processes, characterized by the passage of baskets filled with fibrous material, through a treating solution, are also included.

18	With compression, squeezing or compacting of fibrous material during charging:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.  Processes in which the raw fibrous material is subjected to compression at the point of entrance to the treating zone so as to form a plug sealing off the zone from the exterior thereof.

19	Plural diverse stage treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.  Processes in which the fibrous material is subjected to a plurality of dissimilar chemical treatments. (1) Note. The treatments may be dissimilar in the composition or concentration of the treating medium, the temperature, pressure, or time, of the treatment, etc.

20	With decortication or mechanical preparation of textile fibers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with a step of (1) subjecting a nonwood fibrous material to a mechanical attrition step to strip off the husk or outer shell or to separate the fibrous material from nonfibrous material, or (2) subjecting fibrous material to be used in textile operations to a mechanical operation to modify or facilitate the preparation of the fibers for textile use. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 19,  Textiles: Fiber Preparation,   for processes of decortication fiber preparation not involving any chemical treatment of the fiber.

21	Defibration by projection or explosion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with the separation of the fibers from each other (1) by subjecting them to a sudden and drastic release of pressure, or (2) by projecting the fiber clumps against a solid surface. (1) Note. In view of the fact that steam and hot water are considered as chemicals for treating the fiber within the scope of subclass 1 explosion or projection in the presence of steam or hot water is classified herein, even though no other digestion chemical is present. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 247, for apparatus for use in explosion or impact type defibering operations. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 99,  Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,   subclasses 323.4+ apparatus for subjecting cereals to sudden changes in pressure to disrupt the same and produce a puffed food product. 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   subclass 1 for processes for comminuting solid material by explosion and subclass 5 for processes utilizing kinetic energy of projected or suspended material.

22	With chemical other than water or steam:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 21.  Processes in which the fibrous material is treated with a chemical agent other than water or steam usually to facilitate the liberation or purification of the fibrous material.

23	Mechanical defibration in the presence of heated gas or gas under pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes in which the fibrous material is subjected simultaneously to a mechanical disintegrating or attrition step and a digestion in the presence of a gas at an elevated temperature or pressure. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 26, for processes in which the fibrous material is subjected to a simultaneous chemical treatment and mechanical defibration not in the presence of a gas. 63, for processes of fiber treatment in the presence of a gas, vapor or mist. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   subclasses 18+ for other disintegration or comminution processes carried out in the presence of a gas or vapor.

24	Chemical treatment after start or completion of mechanical defibration:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with mechanical defibration step in which chemical treatment is initiated after the start or the completion of a mechanical defibration of the fibrous material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   particularly subclasses 15+ for processes of mechanically comminuting defibering fibrous materials with application of a fluid to the material not involving any chemical treatment of the fibrous material.

25	With additional chemical treatment before start of defibration:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.  Processes in which the fibrous material is also subjected to a chemical treatment before the start of the defibering process. (1) Note. The chemical treatment prior to the mechanical defibration step is necessarily separate and distinct from that following the start or completion of the defibration, but may employ the same chemicals and conditions of treatment. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 26, for processes involving simultaneous chemical digestion or treatment and mechanical defibration of the fibrous material.

26	Simultaneous mechanical defibration and chemical treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes in which the fibrous material is subjected to concurrent attrition or defibration and chemical digestion or treatment. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 17+, for continuous processes for treating fibrous material in which the material is subjected to a chemical treatment and simultaneous defibration. 23, for processes of mechanically defibering fibrous material in the presence of a gas at elevated temperature or pressure. 24+, for processes in which the chemical treatment is initiated subsequent to the start or completion of mechanical defibration. 235, for apparatus for concurrently digesting and chemically treating fibrous material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   particularly subclasses 15+ for processes of mechanically comminuting defibering fibrous materials with application of a fluid to the material not involving any chemical treatment of the fibrous material.

27	Mechanical defibration of logs or blocks after chemical treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes in which logs or billets of fibrous material are subjected to chemical treatment which does not destroy its log or billet form, which are then subjected to a mechanical grinding or attrition to convert the logs or billets into a defibered form. (1) Note. Processes in which the chemical digestion or treatment results in a destruction of the log or billet form followed by attrition are classified in the appropriate subclass below on other bases. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   particularly subclasses 15+ for processes of mechanically comminuting defibering fibrous materials with application of a fluid to the material not involving any chemical treatment of the fibrous material.

28	With plural or specified mechanical defibering step:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with (1) a plurality of separate and distinct attrition or defibering steps, or (2) a specifically defined attrition or defibering step. (1) Note. Processes in which a defibering step subsequent to chemical treatment is claimed broadly as, for example, "defibering" "refining", "disintegrating", "comminuting", etc., are not classified in this subclass but are found in the appropriate subclass below, usually classified on the basis of the chemical treatment. Processes in which subsequent plural distinct defibering steps are included are classified herein even though the defibering steps are recited broadly. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 70+, for processes including a chemical treatment combined with a broadly recited single attrition step (see (1) Note). 234+, for digester apparatus combined with mechanical defibering means. 261, for other paper making apparatus combined with heating, refining and/or disintegrating means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   appropriate subclasses for particular attrition processes and means, per se.

29	With regeneration, reclamation, reuse, recycling or destruction of digestion fluid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes involving (1) the regeneration, reclamation, reuse or recycling (to a fiber treating zone), or (2) the destruction of the digestion or treating fluid or chemicals after being used at least once for treating a fibrous material. (1) Note. This and indented subclasses include processes within the scope of the above when combined with a fiber treatment step or such processes not so combined with fiber treatment which are not provided for elsewhere. The preparation of cellulose liberation agents from such waste liquors is found in this or indented subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 52, for processes for chemically treating fibrous material in which waste liquor from the digestion is employed solely for the purpose of charging or discharging the fibrous material to or from the treating zone. 60, for processes of chemically treating fibrous material in which the waste liquor is employed for washing a fibrous pulp. 239+, for the combination of a digester and means for recovering waste liquor discharged therefrom. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   appropriate subclasses for electrolytic processes of regenerating or treating waste cellulose liberation liquor (e.g., subclasses 689 through 694for electrolytic treatment of fibrous organic material, subclass 698 for electrolytic treatment of cellulosic organic material, and subclasses 742-761 for electrolytic treatment of water, sewage, or other waste water, etc.). 422,  Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   appropriate subclasses for apparatus for regenerating, reclaiming, or destroying used digestion agents. 423,  Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   appropriate subclasses, for the preparation or recovery of inorganic compounds, not combined with a fiber treating or liberating step and for the line between the classes see the note to Class 162 in the definition of Class 423, section III, Line and Search Notes. 435,  Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   subclass 262 for processes for the recovery of chemicals from used cellulose digestion agents involving fermentation and not combined with fiber treatment steps. 530,  Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives; Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,   subclasses 205+ and 500+, for the recovery of organic compound from waste fiber treating agents, not combined with fiber treating steps. 588,  Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   appropriate subclasses for the chemical destruction of hazardous digestion or treating fluid chemicals, per se.

30.1	With destruction of organic ingredient in or smelting of liquor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29.  Processes which include (a) the destruction of the organic constituent of the waste liquor, or (b) treatment of the product of such destruction to produce a chemical composition for further use in a cellulose digestion process. (1) Note. Processes of destruction of the organic constituent of waste liquor by oxidation, as well as such processes when accompanied by smelting of the inorganic constituents of the liquor, are included. Also included are processes of digestion which start with smelt, or a product of the smelt such as an aqueous solution thereof, (e.g., green liquor). (2) Note. This and indented subclasses include the preparation of cellulose liberation, a treating liquor from "smelt" derived from wastes of cellulose treating, or liberating processes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 240, for digestion combined with means to heat the used digestion chemicals. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 422,  Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   appropriate subclasses for apparatus for regenerating, reclaiming, or destroying used digestion agents. 423,  Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   appropriate subclasses for the preparation, or recovery of inorganic compounds, not combined with a fiber treating, or liberating step and for the line between the classes, see the note to Class 162, in the definition of Class 423, Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class.

30.11	Treatment of kraft pulping chemicals:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30.1.  Subject matter wherein the waste liquor being treated results from the kraft (i.e., sulfate) process for paper fiber liberation.

31	Flames combustion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30.  Processes in which organic constituent suspended in a liquid is oxidized in situ, without removing all the liquid. (1) Note. This type of destruction of organic constituent is known as "liquid phase oxidation". SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 110,  Furnaces,   subclass 238 for furnaces for burning wet fuel, (e.g., sewage). 210,  Liquid Purification or Separation,   subclass 63 for processes for purifying a liquid by an oxidizing treatment.

32	Liquor from digestion using organic compound or including element other than Na, Ca, Mg, O, C, H or S:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30.  Processes in which the original fiber liberation liquor contains an organic compound or an element other than sodium, calcium, magnesium, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen or sulfur.

33	With mixing of liquors from different digestions:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30.  Processes in which waste liquors from at least two different types of fiber digestion or treatment are mixed before or after destruction of the organic ingredient or smelting.

34	Plural diverse digestion of same fibrous material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30.  Processes in which a charge of fibrous material is subjected to two successive dissimilar chemical treatments. (1) Note. The dissimilarity may reside in any one or more of the following factors: composition or concentration of the treating medium, the temperature, pressure or time of the treatment, etc.

35	Residue converted into liquor different from original liquor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30.  Processes in which waste liquor is subjected to a destruction of contained organic material or is smelted and subsequently the residue is reconstituted into a cellulose liberation liquor which is chemically different than that originally employed for treating the fibrous material. (1) Note. This subclass provides, for example, for the treatment of the waste liquor from a "sulfate" process by smelting and converting the residue into a sulfite type cellulose liberation liquor.

36	Sulfur dioxide or sulfite containing spent liquor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30.  Processes in which the waste liquor from a cellulose digestion with a sulfite or sulfur dioxide is subjected to smelting or the destruction of a contained organic material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 83+, for processes of digesting or treating cellulosic fibrous material with a sulfite or sulfur dioxide.

37	Digestion fluid reused on different fibrous materials:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29.  Processes in which liquor resulting from a chemical treatment of one batch of fibrous material is subsequently used for the chemical treatment of a different batch of fibrous material. (1) Note. In this and indented subclasses are placed all processes in which liquor or chemicals from a digestion or fiber treating operation is subjected to treatment which under the disclosure conditions it for reuse for fiber digestion or treatment, regardless of whether the reuse is claimed unless it is positively disclosed that it is reused on the same fibrous material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 41+, for processes in which used treating liquor or agent is reused on the same fibrous material.

38	With addition of chemicals prior to reuse:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Processes which include the addition of chemicals other than water or steam, to waste liquor, prior to reuse thereof. (1) Note. The purpose of the addition of chemicals to the used digestion fluid is of no significance. Thus, addition may be for the removal of impurities, as well as for enhancing the chemical activity of the liquor during subsequent use. (2) Note. The added chemicals, of the above definition, may be previously unused materials or other regenerated waste liquor, as well as any other material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 45, for the addition of fresh chemicals to digestion fluid while moving in a closed circuit to and from the same fibrous mass.

39	In digester:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Processes in which the chemicals are added to the used digestion fluid in the digester in which the regenerated fluid is employed for digesting or treating the second batch of fibrous material.

40	Without treatment or modification:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Processes in which digestion fluid resulting from treatment of one batch of fibrous material is employed without treatment or modification for treatment of a different batch of fibrous material.

41	Recirculation (includes separation from fibers):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29.  Processes in which the used fiber liberation or treating agent is separated from the fibrous mass and returned and reused on the same fibrous material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 248, for digesters with fluid circulation means.

42	With treatment of fluids during recirculation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes in which some property of the digestion fluid is altered during the circulation thereof. (1) Note. Many of the patents appearing in this subclass involve heating the digestion fluid during circulation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 249, for digesters, combined with means for recirculating the digestion fluid and means for heating the fluid during recirculation.

43	Removal and/or separation of portion of recirculating fluid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 42.  Processes in which a portion of the fiber treating fluid is removed from the recirculating stream thereof.

44	With recombing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 43.  Processes in which at least a part of the removed portion of fiber treating fluid is combined with the remainder of the recirculating fiber treating fluid before it is again brought into association with the fibrous mass. (1) Note. In many of the patents of this subclass, gases or vapors separated from the fiber treating liquid are recombined therewith.

45	With addition of chemicals to recirculating fluid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 42.  Processes in which chemicals, other than water or steam, are added to the fiber treating fluid being recirculated. (1) Note. The "added chemicals" of the above definition have the significance indicated in (2) Note under the definition of subclass 38. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 38+, for the addition of chemicals to fluid which has been used in treating one batch of fibers, to fortify it for use on another batch of fibers.

46	Steam only:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 41.  Processes in which the fluid being circulated consists of steam.

47	With heat recovery:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with a separation or recovery of heat from the chemical digestion or treatment. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 54, for processes of fiber digestion or treatment combined with means to cool the liquid so as to freeze at least a portion thereof. 239, for a digester combined with means to recover heat therefrom. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 165,  Heat Exchange,   appropriate subclasses, for heat exchange methods and apparatus not otherwise provided for.

48	With cleaning, preserving or conditioning of apparatus:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which involve a treatment of the apparatus employed to clean, preserve or condition it for use in the digestion operation. (1) Note. This subclass takes the above steps in combination with digestion or fiber treating steps or such cleaning, preserving, or conditioning steps, per se, if not otherwise provided for. This subclass includes, for example, digestion in the presence of an autocorrosion agent or performed in such a manner as to prevent corrosion of the apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 199, for processes involving the cleaning, preserving, conditioning or repairing apparatus used in the making of webs or articles from liberated fibers. 272+, for apparatus for performing processes classified in subclass 199. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 27 for a glassworking and/or treating process including a step of repairing or cleaning of apparatus. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   appropriate subclasses for processes of cleaning, not otherwise provided for, but not combined with fiber digestion. 294,  Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements,   particularly subclasses 141+ for processes of cleaning by electrolysis not combined with fiber digestion.

49	With testing, sampling or analyzing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with a step of sampling, or chemically or physically determining some property or characteristic of the fibers or treating fluid. (1) Note. The testing, etc., may be performed on fibers or treating fluid without disturbing their normal flow, or upon a sample extracted from such flow. (2) Note. Processes which are carried out at specified temperatures, pressures, or "until acid", for example, are not classified in this subclass even though a test or measurement might be necessary to determine the temperature. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 198, for processes of chemically or physically determining some property or characteristic of fibers combined with a paper making operation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 377+ for a glassworking and/or treating process including a step of testing or inspecting. 73,  Measuring and Testing,   especially subclasses 53.03+ for testing physical properties of pulp not combined with fiber digestion. 436,  Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   for processes of chemical testing of fibers or digestion fluid not combined with fiber digestion.

50	Utilizing electrical or radiant energy:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes in which electrical or radiant energy is directly applied to fibrous material. (1) Note. Indirect electrical heating, such as by contact of fibrous material with an electrically heated plate, is not included. Included are, for example, exposure to high frequency electric discharge, corona discharge, ultraviolet or infrared radiation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 192, for processes involving the application of electrical or wave energy directly to an unfinished fibrous web or article. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 689 through 694for electrolytic treatment of organic fibrous material.

51	Digestion odor control:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which include a step of controlling odors given off in connection with the fiber treating or digestion process. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 422,  Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclass 5 for process of deodorizing not otherwise provided for. 423,  Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   subclasses 210 through 215.5for chemically removing, modifying or destroying a component of normally gaseous mixture containing hazardous or toxic waste 424,  Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   subclass 76 for a deodorant composition, per se.

52	Charging and/or discharging fibrous material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which include a step of charging a reaction vessel with fibrous material or discharging it therefrom, or from another vessel closely associated therewith, such as a blowpit. (1) Note. A broadly recited step of "charging", "loading", "discharging", "blowing", etc., is not a sufficient basis for placing a process in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 17+, for processes involving continuous charging or discharging of cellulosic material into and out of a reaction vessel. 246, for the combination of a digester and means for charging and/or discharging the same.

53	Vacuum treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which include a step of subjecting the fibrous material and/or treating fluid to a subatmospheric pressure. (1) Note. Processes in which fibrous material is first subjected to a steaming treatment followed by treatment with a cold liquid which causes condensation of the steam, are not included in this subclass even though a momentary vacuum is caused to exist within the fibrous material.

54	Freezing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which include a step of lowering the temperature so as to freeze at least a portion of the liquid employed in the fiber liberation or treatment. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 47, for digestion processes combined with the step of recovering heat therefrom. 239, for a digester combined with means to recover heat therefrom. , SEARCH CLASS: 62, Refrigeration, appropriate subclasses, for refrigeration processes and apparatus.

55	With classifying, separating or screening of pulp (solids from solids):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with a step of separating solid components of the fibrous material undergoing chemical treatment, from one another, in grades or classes according to physical characteristics. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   appropriate subclasses, for processes for the separation of solids from solids in grades or classes according to physical characteristics.

56	With squeezing, compression, rubbing, kneading:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with a step of applying a mechanical force to the fibrous material, of sufficient magnitude to remove at least a portion of a liquid associated with such material from the cells or surfaces thereof, or to knead or rub the fibrous material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 18, for processes involving compressing, squeezing or compacting of the fibrous material in connection with continuous digestion or continuous charging or discharging of the fibrous material. 20, through 28, for processes which include a defibration or comminution of the fibrous material.

57	With agitation or forced circulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes which include imparting to the fibrous material and/or fluid treating agent some positive motion during the treating or digestion operation. (1) Note. Agitation caused solely by the bubbling or boiling of the treating liquid is not sufficient to place the process in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 17+, for processes of continuous digestion or continuous charging or discharging of the fibrous material. 41+, for processes in which the treating fluid is separated from the fibrous material and recirculated to the digestion operation.

58	In rotating vessel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.  Processes in which motion is imparted to the fibrous material and/or treating liquid by rotation of the treating vessel.

59	Closed circuit circulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.  Processes in which the fibrous material and/or treating liquid is forced to travel in a closed path by circuit defining elements of the apparatus employed.

60	With washing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes combined with a step of passing a nonreactive liquid through the fibrous material so as to remove undesired material therefrom. (1) Note. Processes in which the washing is included only broadly, as by name only, are not included but are classified elsewhere on other bases. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing: Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   particularly subclass 156 for processes of washing of pulp or fibers.

61	Regulatory:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes directed to controlling the conditions of the digestion or fiber treatment, e.g., temperature, pressure, feed of fibers or treating agent, etc. (1) Note. Chemical treatment of fibrous material involving the use of a specified pressure or temperature for example is not sufficient by itself to justify classification in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 49, for digestion processes combined with a sampling or testing or analysis step.

62	Concentration of chemicals:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 61.  Processes in which the operating condition controlled is the concentration of a fiber treating agent.

63	Gas, vapor or mist contact:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes wherein the fibrous material is forcibly and directly contacted with a gas, vapor or mist during digestion or chemical treatment for some purpose other than drying. (1) Note. Admission of a gas or vapor into a portion of a reaction vessel in which the fibers are immersed in a liquid is not sufficient basis for classification in this or indented subclasses unless it positively appears that there is direct contact with the fibrous material. Nor is the generation of a gas in situ by a chemical reaction of two liquids sufficient basis for classification in this group of subclasses. (2) Note. The gas, vapor or mist may be nonreactive with the fibers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 23, for processes of digestion including a mechanical defibration in the presence of a gas under elevated temperatures and pressures. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 1+ for continuous gas or vapor phase colloid system (e.g., smoke, fog, aerosol, cloud, mist) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

64	Sulfur dioxide:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 63.  Processes in which the gas or vapor is sulfur dioxide. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 83+, for processes of digestion or treatment of fibrous material with a sulfite or sulfur dioxide (not involving gas-fiber contact). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 1+ for continuous gas or vapor phase colloid system (e.g., smoke, fog, aerosol, cloud, mist) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

65	Oxygen, ozone or air:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 63.  Processes in which the gas or vapor is oxygen, ozone or air. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 69, for processes of fiber digestion or treatment by percolating the treating fluid therethrough, even though the fibrous material may contact the ambient air. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 1+ for continuous gas or vapor phase colloid system (e.g., smoke, fog, aerosol, cloud, mist) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

66	Chlorine containing material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 63.  Processes in which the gas, vapor or mist contains chlorine, free or combined. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 87+, for processes of digestion or treating fibrous material with a chlorine containing agent (not involving gas-fiber contact). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 1+ for continuous gas or vapor phase colloid system (e.g., smoke, fog, aerosol, cloud, mist) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

67	Chlorine dioxide:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 66.  Processes in which the gas or vapor is chlorine dioxide. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 1+ for continuous gas or vapor phase colloid system (e.g., smoke, fog, aerosol, cloud, mist) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

68	Steam only:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 63.  Processes in which steam is the only gas or vapor coming into direct contact with the fibrous material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 1+ for continuous gas or vapor phase colloid system (e.g., smoke, fog, aerosol, cloud, mist) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

69	Non-continuous liquid phase:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes in which a mass of fibers is impregnated with a chemical agent to such a limited extent that the agent does not form a continuous liquid phase completely enveloping the fibrous material. (1) Note. In many of the patents, a slow digestion of the fibrous material takes place while the material is in storage, as by percolating through a fixed bed of fibrous material.

70	Treatment with particular chemical:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes in which the fibrous material is treated with a particular, identified treating agent or chemical. (1) Note. This and indented subclasses also provide for particular treating compositions or mixtures employed in the digestion or treatment. Such compositions are classified with the corresponding process. (2) Note. Processes classified in this or indented subclasses may involve a plurality of the same or different distinct treatment steps, the particular agent used must be identified in at least one step. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 30.1+, for processes of preparation of fiber treating agents from smelts or residues left from waste treating agent from a previous digestion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   subclasses 115.5+ for chemical treatment or modification of dry paper. 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or speading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

71	Treatment of ground-wood or sawdust:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Processes in which the fibrous material being treated includes groundwood or sawdust.

72	Organic:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Processes in which an organic compound is used as the fiber treating agent. (1) Note. Attention is directed to the definitions of Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for the scope of the term "organic compound" and of the various types of organic compound provided for in the subclasses indented hereunder.

73	With inorganic chlorine containing material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes which involve the use of inorganic chlorine containing material in addition to an organic compound.

74	Chlorine containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes in which a chlorine containing organic compound is used.

75	Fat, fatty oil or higher fatty acid:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes in which a fat, fatty oil or a higher fatty acid is employed. (1) Note. By "fats" and "fatty oils" is meant the glycerides of higher fatty acids, including naturally occurring mixtures thereof present in a single oil or fat. By "higher fatty acid" is meant a carboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at least 7 carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group, e.g., lauric, palmatic, stearic, oleic, ricinoleic, linoleic, and behenolic. Where there are several unbroken chains of carbon atoms bonded to the carboxyl group, one of the chains must contain at least 7 carbon atoms. Included in this subclass also are salts, amides, esters and anhydrides of such acids.

76	Acids, salts or esters:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes in which an organic acid, salt or ester thereof is employed.

77	Alcohols or phenols:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 72.  Processes in which an alcohol or phenol is employed.

78	Per-compound (e.g., peroxide, perborate):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Processes in which a so- called inorganic "per" compound is employed. (1) Note. Includes as "per" compounds are those having oxygen atoms bonded to each other, as in hydrogen peroxide and sodium per perborate, for example, as well as other "per" compounds having oxygen containing anions such as perchlorates, permanganates, etc.

79	Heavy metal or aluminum containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Processes in which a chemical containing aluminum or a metal having a specific gravity greater than four is employed. (1) Note. This subclass includes, for instance, processes of parchmentizing with zinc chloride.

80	Phosphorus, boron or silicon containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Processes in which a chemical containing phosphorus, boron or silicon is employed.

81	Nitrogen oxide, acid, or salt thereof:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Processes in which a chemical containing an oxide of nitrogen an acid of a nitrogen oxide or salt thereof is employed.

82	Sulfur containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Processes in which a chemical containing sulfur is employed. (1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, processes of parchmentizing with sulfuric acid.

83	Sulfur dioxide or sulfite:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 82.  Processes in which a chemical containing a sulfite or free SO2 is employed. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 64, processes of digesting or treating fibers in which the fibers are contacted with sulfur dioxide in the gaseous state.

84	Plural diverse stage treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 83.  Processes in which the fibrous material is subjected to a plurality of separate dissimilar chemical treatments, at least one of which involves treatment with SO2 or a sulfite. (1) Note. The separate treatments may differ in composition or concentration of the treating medium, temperature, or pressure, of treatment, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 29+, especially subclass 36 for processes of sulfite digestion in which the waste liquor is regenerated, reclaimed, reused or recycled.

85	Chlorine containing material in at least one stage:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Processes in which a chlorine containing material is employed in at least one stage. (1) Note. The chlorine containing material may be used in combination with the sulfite or sulfur dioxide in the same stage or in a stage separate therefrom in a multistage process.

86	Alkali metal, ammonium, alkaline earth metal or magnesium hydroxide or carbonate in at least one stage:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 84.  Processes in which a hydroxide or carbonate of an alkali metal, ammonium, an alkaline earth metal or magnesium is employed in at least one of the separate treatments. (1) Note. The alkali metals are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. (2) Note. The alkaline earth metals are calcium, strontium and barium.

87	Chlorine containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Processes in which a chlorine containing material is employed. (1) Note. Many of the patents in this and indented subclasses are directed to the bleaching of fibrous pulps.

88	Plural diverse stage treatments:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 87.  Processes in which the fibrous material is subjected to a plurality of separate, dissimilar chemical treatments, at least one of which involves treatment with a chlorine containing material. (1) Note. The separate treatments may differ in composition or concentration of the treating medium, temperature or pressure, of the treatment, etc.

89	Alkali metal, ammonium, alkaline earth metal or magnesium hydroxide or carbonate in at least one stage:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 88.  Processes in which a hydroxide or carbonate of an alkali metal, ammonium, an alkaline earth metal or magnesium is employed in at least one of the separate treatments. (1) Note. The alkali metals are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. (2) Note. The alkaline earth metals are calcium, strontium and barium.

90	Alkali metal, ammonium, alkaline earth metal or magnesium hydroxide or carbonate:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 70.  Processes in which a hydroxide or carbonate of an alkali metal, ammonium, an alkaline earth metal or magnesium is employed. (1) Note. The alkali metals are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. (2) Note. The alkaline earth metals are calcium, strontium and barium.

91	Particular raw cellulosic materials:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Processes directed to the digestion or chemical treatment of a particular species or type of cellulosic fibrous material. (1) Note. In this and indented subclasses are placed processes of treating and digesting fibrous material of particular specified kinds of sources. In view of the fact that most fiber digesting processes are provided for in preceding subclasses, these subclasses contain many cross references of patents provided for above. Cross references of patents classified in subclasses 100 and 232, disclosing the use of fibers from particular sources, may also be found herein. (2) Note. This subclass provides for the digestion of particular species of wood fibers.

92	Fossilized (e.g., peat):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Processes directed to the digestion or chemical treatment of petrified vegetable material, such as peat or lignite.

93	Bark:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Processes directed to the digestion or chemical treatment of the tissues of the woody stem which are outside the cambium layer of the plant, that is the bark.

94	Bamboo:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Processes directed to the digestion or chemical treatment of bamboo.

95	Cotton fibers or linters:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Processes directed to the digestion or chemical treatment of raw staple cotton or the short fibers which adhere to cottonseed after the ginning operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 99, for processes of treating the hulls of cottonseeds.

96	Sugar cane, bagasse or cornstalks:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Processes directed to the digestion or chemical treatment of sugar cane after the sugar has been extracted, such cane in crushed or other comminuted form, or is derived from cornstalk.

97	Cereal grasses or straws:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Processes directed to the digestion or chemical treatment of a cereal grass or straw. (1) Note. The most common cereals involved are wheat, rye, oat, barley and rice.

98	Bast (e.g., flax, hemp, jute, ramie, sisal):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Processes directed to the digestion or chemical treatment of flax, hemp, jute or ramie. (1) Note. For the purpose of this subclass, the term "hemp" includes Manila hemp (Musa textilis) and sisal hemp (Agave) as well as true hemp (Cannabis sative).

99	Non-wood:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 91.  Processes directed to the digestion or chemical in which the material treatment of fibrous material, other than a wood, not provided for in any of the preceding subclasses (92-98). (1) Note. Types of material, the treatment of which is classifiable in this subclass, are noncereal grasses such as esparto, as well as leaves, roots, reeds, stems, seaweed and other forms of aquatic plant life.

100	PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes, for depositing fibers from a liquid suspension thereof to form an interfelted fibrous product (paper), combinations of such fiber depositing steps with other treatments of the deposited fibrous product, treatments of the deposited product prior to the final drying thereof not otherwise provided for, paper treating processes not otherwise provided for, and products of such processes not otherwise provided for. (1) Note. In processes classified in this or indented subclass the fibrous nature of the product must be retained. Processes in which the fibers are converted to a nonfibrous form are classified in the appropriate material working class, e.g., Class 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes. (2) Note. In this and indented subclasses the articles are usually classified with the corresponding processes, however, certain subclasses by their nature, as for example, those providing for various manipulative procedures, take only processes, the products being old or conventional or classifiable elsewhere on other bases. (3) Note. Articles and materials provided for in other classes are not classified in this class (162) merely because they are made of paper (deposited fibers). (4) Note. Indented subclasses (141-181) also, include the products under "E." of the class definition of this class (162). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 13, for processes of digesting fibrous material combined with forming a web or article from the liberated fibers. 232, and 252 to 411, 415 and 416, for apparatus for forming paper from fibrous materials. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 90.01+ for processes restricted burnishing or the combination of burnishing and calendering of a dried felted fibrous product. 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   appropriate subclasses, for processes restricted to drying of wet felted material by evaporation of the moisture contained therein. 100,  Presses,   for processes restricted to mechanically expressing liquid from a wet felted web, and processes for calendering a dried web, with or without the steps of moistening and/or drying, the steps of calendering, moistening and drying being taken in any order. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, for processes under the class definition for forming articles from rewetted paper, see References to Other Classes in the class definitions of this class (162) and (1) Note above, sor a search note to Class 264. 427,  Coating Processes,   appropriate subclasses, for processes of coating paper not combined with a paper making step, or where the paper is not still wet from the paper forming operation, and for processes of coating dried felted fibrous material. 493,  Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or Other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web,   appropriate subclasses for making an article from finished paper.

101	Pore forming in situ (e.g., gas generation):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes including a step of forming pores or other type of open space in situ within a felted body during or subsequent to the felting operation, and products of such processes. (1) Note. The pores are usually formed by introducing a gas under pressure to the interior of the felted body or by generating a gas in situ in such body. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 158+, particularly subclass 181 for formation of porous paper by the addition of a porous material thereto, e.g., expanded perlite. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclasses 601+ , and 672+ for processes of making various types of coating or plastic compositions, including a step forming pores in situ in the composition. 501,  Compositions: Ceramic,   subclasses 39 and 80+ for pore-forming ceramic compositions. 521,  Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,   subclasses 50+ for pore-forming, per se, in a synthetic resin composition when the composition in which the pores are formed is a synthetic resin.

102	Utilizing non-aqueous suspending medium:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes in which the fibers are deposited from a liquid other than water. (1) Note. Liquids are considered to be nonaqueous if the medium includes more than 50 percent of such nonaqueous liquid. Examples of such nonaqueous liquids are alcohols, turpentine, toluene, gasoline, etc.

103	Including solid non-waterlaid preform:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes in which a web or article deposited from a liquid suspension of fibers (waterlaid) is united with a solid preformed body not so deposited either during fiber deposition or prior to final drying thereof, and products of such processes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 201, for the combination of a process of this class followed by a laminating step such as is provided for in Class 156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture. 219, for processes of forming composite articles consisting of a plurality of separately waterlaid components. 267, for apparatus for molding pulp with a nonpulp insert or preform.

104	Between separately formed webs:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 103.  Processes in which the nonwaterlaid preform is positioned between and in contact with separately formed waterlaid webs, and the products thereof.

105	Metallic:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 103.  Processes in which the nonwaterlaid preform is a metal, and products of such processes.

106	Electrical conductor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 105.  Processes in which the metal is disclosed as being used as a conductor of electricity, and the products thereof. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 47+ for processes of making electrical conductors of indefinite length, not otherwise provided for. 174,  Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,   appropriate subclasses, for electric conductors.

107	Glass:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 103.  Processes in which the nonwaterlaid preform contains glass, and the products thereof.

108	Woven fabric or parallel strands:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 103.  Processes in which the nonwaterlaid preform is a woven fabric or comprises a plurality of parallel strands or filaments; and the products thereof. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 442,  Fabric (Woven, Knitted, or Nonwoven Textile or Cloth, etc.),   subclasses 181+ for a woven fabric and subclasses 304+ for a knit fabric.

109	Non-uniform, irregular or configured web or sheet:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes for producing an essentially flat web or sheet having some irregularity or variation from the plane configuration, which variation is slight in proportion to the web"s length and width so as not to destroy its essentially flat condition, and the webs or sheets so produced. (1) Note. The irregularity may be produced during the deposition of the fibers or by a subsequent treatment of the undried web. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 218+, for processes for the production of discrete and finite shaped articles by deposition of fibers, which shaped articles may have a pronounced irregularity and be nonplanar.

110	Watermarking:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 109.  Processes including a step or redistributing the fibers in the web or sheet or altering their configuration in a limited area of the web or sheet so as to produce a mark or design in the product which is visible when viewed by transmitted light, and the products of such processes. (1) Note. The watermark is most frequently produced by a raised or depressed pattern on a dandy roll. In the former case, there is less fiber at the mark than in the balance of the sheet; in the latter case, there is more fiber. In either case, there is a difference in transparency between the area of the mark in the one hand and the balance of the sheet on the other.

111	Creping and/or crinkling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 109.  Processes in which the irregularity imparted to the web or sheet is a crinkle, or wrinkle effect known as a "crepe", usually substantially over the entire surface, and the products of such processes. (1) Note. The paper treated may be dry and rewetted for the creping operation, or may still be wet from the papermaking operation during the creping operation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   appropriate subclasses for corrugating, crinkling, creping and embossing, particularly subclasses 183 , 205+, 210, and 219+. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 153+ for creped paper, and subclasses 174+ for a stock material product embodying a non- planar uniform-thickness (e.g., corrugated, pleated) component with or without a coating.

112	With coating and/or laminating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 111.  Processes combined with the deposited fibrous material or uniting the deposited layer to a second (1) coating layer and products of such processes. (1) Note. The term "coating" signifies both the application of a surface layer to a base, and penetration of the interior of the base by impregnation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 265+, for apparatus for making a paper web or article combined with a coating means.

113	With additional deformation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 111.  Processes combined with a step of deforming the web or sheet in addition to the creping or crinkling, and the products thereof.

114	By perforating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 109.  Processes in which the configuration is imparted to the web or sheet by formation of an opening which extends completely through the thickness of the web or sheet, and the products thereof. (1) Note. The opening may be formed by a suitable raised or marked portion on the forming means, as well as by subsequent mechanical penetration of the web or sheet. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 286, for apparatus for forming a web or article combined with means to perforate the web or article.

115	By fluid pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 109.  Processes in which the configuration is imparted to the web or sheet by the direct action of a fluid under pressure thereon, and the products thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 297, for apparatus for making a running or indefinite length web with means to treat the web with fluid pressure acting directly on the work on the mold surface.

116	By configured forming mold:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 109.  Processes in which the configuration is imparted to the web or sheet by deposition of the fibers upon a forming mold having an irregular surface and the products thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 296, for apparatus for forming a running or indefinite length product which includes an irregular or configured forming surface.

117	Subsequent treatment by irregular or configured die:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 109.  Processes in which an irregular configuration is imparted to the web or sheet subsequent to its removal from the surface upon which it was formed, and the products thereof. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, for processes within the class definition, which may involve the shaping, molding or embossing a preformed paper sheet either dry or with rewetting thereof.

118	With winding or roll forming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes including a step of winding or wrapping a wet web upon itself, or upon a core to produce a multiply tubular article. (1) Note. This group of subclasses takes processes of forming tubes by winding followed by cutting the tube axially and flattening it out into a sheet. Products of processes of this and indented subclasses are classified on the basis of the character of the product. (2) Note. Winding can take place, for example, by (1) passing the web at least once about the longitudinal axis of the article being formed, without displacement of the web axially of such article, resulting in the formation of a multilayered article, with each turn in close proximity to the immediately preceding and immediately succeeding turns, or (2) by advancing the web axially of the product being made, while revolving the web about such axis, resulting in the formation of a single ply tube. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 123+, for multilayer webs or sheets which may be produced by winding, followed by cutting the tube axially, and flattening it out into a sheet. 283+, for paper making apparatus including means for winding the paper product. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   subclasses 100 through 178,especially subclasses 129+, 144, 150, and 154 for spirally wound layers or pipes. 242,  Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,   subclasses 520+ for convolute winding.

119	With coating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 118.  Processes which include the application of a coating to the undried web, either before, during or after winding.

120	With cutting and/or removing material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 118.  Processes which include a step of cutting the fibrous material or removing a portion thereof, following winding.

121	With heat:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 118.  Processes combined with a step of heating the fibrous material.

122	With pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 118.  Processes combined with a step of applying mechanical pressure to the fibrous material.

123	Multi-layer waterlaid webs or sheets:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes in which a plurality of formed fibrous webs or sheets are united prior to the final drying of at least one of the webs or sheets and the products thereof. (1) Note. The uniting may be during the formation of one or more of the fibrous layers or may be accomplished by the folding or lapping of an undried fibrous layer upon itself. For example, the layers must be separately formed, or formed at different times or places, a single source of pulp may supply a plurality of forming means. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 118+, for processes in which plural layers are formed by a winding operation. Layered products, not otherwise provided for are found in this or indented subclasses (123+). 188, for processes of producing from a unitary source of pulp suspension or from a plurality of contiguous sources of pulp suspension, a single-ply web or sheet, characterized by a gradual transition or other nonuniformity, in the nature of the fiber, in progressing from one surface of the product to the other. 196, for processes involving a step of folding, twisting or rolling, where the product is not a multilayered web or sheet. Subclass 196 takes processes of producing pulp rovings by rolling a narrow strip of a waterlaid strip upon itself. 203, for processes of producing a homogeneous single-ply web or sheet by means of two forming members, in which two webs, felted on the respective forming means, are in contact with a common pulp bath at the time the webs are joined. 298, for apparatus for applying a plurality of separate streams of fibrous pulp to the same mold surface. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   subclasses 150 and 156+ for pipes produced by winding a web, in a plurality of turns, to desired thickness. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   appropriate subclasses, for processes of adhesively uniting preformed layers of material. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses, for a stock material product in the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet not provided for in any other class.

124	With non-fiber added between layers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes in which a nonfibrous material is added between waterlaid webs or sheets, and the products thereof. (1) Note. The nonfibrous material may be applied in the form of a liquid film, or in the form of granules or flakes. For the purpose of this subclass water is not regarded as coming within the term, "nonfiber". SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 104, for processes wherein a solid preformed body or layer is positioned between formed fibrous layers.

125	Layers of different properties:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes in which at least one layer or the fibers thereof differ in some property from another layer or the fibers thereof, and the products thereof. (1) Note. Examples of properties in which the layers may differ, provided for in this subclass are: density, thickness, width, and absorbency.

126	Color:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 125.  Processes in which at least two layers are of different colors or have different color or other type of visual effects, and the products thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 162, for processes of forming a single fibrous layer having a coloring material added thereto.

127	Organic additive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 125.  Processes in which at least two layers are associated with different amounts or types of a nonfibrous organic material, and the products thereof. (1) Note. The difference may reside in the fact that one layer is mixed with an organic material, while the adjoining layer is free of organic material. The organic material need not be specifically identified. It is sufficient if a functional term such as "sizing", indicative of the organic nature of the additive, is employed. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 158, through 180, for processes of adding nonfibrous organic material to a fiber slurry, pulp or wet web, and the resulting products.

128	Inorganic additive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 125.  Processes in which at least two layers are associated with different amounts of nonfibrous inorganic material, and the products thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 182, for processes of adding nonfibrous inorganic material to a fiber slurry, pulp or wet web.

129	Fiber:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 125.  Processes in which the fibers of at least two layers differ in some property, and the corresponding products. (1) Note. The making of a composite product by joining a cellulosic web and an asbestos or animal fiber web is included in this subclass.

130	Dimension:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 129.  Processes in which the fibers of one layer are of a different dimension or range of dimensions from those in another layer, and the corresponding products. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 188, for processes of preparing single ply waterlaid products having a nonuniform distribution of fibers.

131	Orientation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 129.  Processes in which the major axis of some fibers of one layer are at an angle to the major axis of some fibers in another layer, and the corresponding products.

132	Separately formed webs subsequently united:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 123.  Processes in which a web or sheet is deposited on each of a plurality of separate forming means and subsequently united after substantial felting of each web or sheet has taken place. (1) Note. This subclass takes processes in which a plurality of separately formed webs are united while one of the webs is still in contact with its forming means, as well as those in which pressure rolls, momentarily in contact with the work, effect association of the webs. (2) Note. This subclass does not take products. For products of processes classifiable in this subclass, see the appropriate one of subclasses 123+. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 123, through 131, for processes of producing multilayer waterlaid webs or sheets involving the use of a single forming means, or in which a second layer is waterlaid in situ directly on the surface of a previously formed layer, and for products formed by processes classified in this or indented subclasses (132+). 300+, for apparatus for carrying out processes classified in this or indented subclass.

133	On common felt or carries (non-mold):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 132.  Processes in which the separately formed webs or sheets are brought into association while at least one of them is supported by a member, other than a forming mold, which moves bodily with the work. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 304, for apparatus for carrying out the processes of this subclass (133).

134	With printing and/or variegated coloring:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes including a treatment of the web or sheet which provides it with a surface having one or more areas which are different from other areas in coloring or appearance and the resulting products. (1) Note. The treatment may take the form of agitation of a web at some stage of its formation, or a specialized coating operation, such as printing or the addition of a medium which provides a mottled or marbled effect. The coating may be in the form of flakes, granules or fibers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 123+, for the formation of a multilayered web, one layer of which bears printing or variegated coloring on a surface.

135	With coating after drying:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes combined with a step of coating the deposited product after it has been substantially freed of the water derived from a paper making operation. (1) Note. The use of water alone as a moistening or humidifying medium on a dry sheet or web is not regarded as coating for the purpose of this group of subclasses. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 158+, particularly subclasses 184+, for processes of coating a web or sheet while it is still wet from a waterlaying operation. 225, for processes of board making involving moistening or rehumidification. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 252,  Compositions,   subclass 567 for a paper web or sheet impregnated with a defined liquid dielectric composition.

136	With treatment subsequent to coating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 135.  Processes which include some treatment of the coating after application thereof to the formed paper product. (1) Note. For the purposes of classification broad references to drying or calendering of the coating are not regarded sufficient to cause classification in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 331+ for coating combined with a post-treatment of the coating.

137	Plural layer coating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 135.  Processes which include the application of a plurality of layers of dissimilar coating materials.

138	Electrical or magnetic product characteristic:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes for producing a product having specified electrical or magnetic properties, and the resulting products. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 252,  Compositions,   subclass 567 for a paper web or sheet impregnated with a defined liquid dielectric composition. 429,  Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   subclasses 129+ and 247+ for separators combined with battery structure and separators, per se, respectively.

139	Cigarette paper:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes for producing paper disclosed as being suitable for use as the outer covering of a cigarette or cigar, and products thereof. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 131,  Tobacco,   subclass 365 for paper, intended for use as a covering for cigars or cigarettes, which contains tobacco and for cigarette or cigar paper of specified shape or structure specializing it for this use.

140	Safety, identification and fraud preventing paper:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes for making (1) a product of such specialized structure as to enable one to identify the source or maker thereof or to detect attempts to reproduce such structure by unauthorized persons or (2) a product of such character that attempts to alter its appearance can be detected by visual or other type of sensing means; and resulting products. (1) Note. Examples of the type of paper forming the basis of this subclass are: various forms of paper produced by the Government such as currency, bonds, stamps, visas, and financial instruments such as checks, and bank notes. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 199 for a stock material product which has a developable image or soluble portions which indicate when alterations are attempted, and subclass 916 (a cross-reference art collection) for a product which indicates attempts at tampering therewith.

141	Plural fiber containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes involving the deposition of fibers from a liquid suspension containing a plurality of different types of fibers, so as to form a single layer (web or article) in which the different fibers are homogeneously distributed, and the resulting products. (1) Note. Different types of fibers must be deposited to form the product to justify classification of processes and products in this or indented subclass. Thus, this group excludes processes of treating a slurry of two types of fibers in such a way that one type is gelatinized to the point where it completely loses its fibrous nature. (2) Note. This subclass (141) contains processes of forming pulps or paper products from mixtures of pulps from different wood sources, as well as pulps derived from different chemical treatments of the same or different woods, e.g., a mixture of kraft and sulfite pulps. (3) Note. This subclass includes the products under "E." of the class definition of this class. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 188, for processes of producing a web or article having a nonuniform distribution of mixed fibers, and the resulting products, as where coarse fibers are concentrated at one portion, and fine fibers at another, with or without a gradual transition in respective fiber content at intermediate points. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428,  Stock Material Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses, for a fiber or fiber containing single or plural layer stock material product with either internal structure (e.g., crimped fiber), or external structure (e.g., corrugated sheet), where the sole disclosed method of manufacture is some process (e.g., air-laying), other than a process of fiber deposition from a liquid suspension.

142	Undigested cellulosic fiber:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 141.  Processes and products in which one of the fibrous components is undigested cellulosic fiber, such as groundwood or sawdust. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 71, for processes involving the chemical liberation or purification of groundwood or sawdust. 150, for processes and products in which undigested cellulosic fibers constitute the sole fibrous component.

143	Animal or proteinaceous:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 141.  Processes and products in which one of the fibrous components is proteinaceous or are fibers of animal origin. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 151, for processes and products in which animal or proteinaceous fibers constitute the sole fibrous material.

144	Leather:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 143.  Processes and products which include leather fibers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 151, for processes and products in which leather fibers constitute the sole fibrous material.

145	Mineral:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 141.  Processes and products in which one of the fibrous components is mineral in origin. (1) Note. The mineral fibers most frequently used are asbestos and glass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 152+, for processes and products in which mineral fibers constitute the sole fibrous material.

146	Synthetic (including chemically modified cellulose):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 141.  Processes and products in which one of the fibrous components comprise synthetically produced fibers. (1) Note. Examples of synthetic fibers are synthetic resins, cellulose esters and chemically modified cellulosic fibers. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 157.1, for processes and products in which synthetic fibers constitute the sole fibrous material.

147	Waste paper or textile waste:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 141.  Processes and products in which one of the fibrous components comprises fabric, rags, or previously used rags. (1) Note. For the purpose of this subclass, broke, trim and wet lap are not regarded as waste paper. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 4+, for processes for chemically liberating or purifying fiber from textile wastes, waste paper, etc. 191+, for processes of recovering pulp, in the form of broke, trim or wet lap.

148	Non-wood:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 141.  Process and products in which one fibrous component comprises fibers from a nonwood source. (1) Note. Cotton, bagasse, straw and flax are examples of nonwood fibers found in this subclass.

149	Fibers of different dimensions:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 141.  Processes and products in which the fibrous component differ from each other in dimension. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 188, for processes of producing a web or sheet having a nonuniform distribution of fibers of different dimensions, and the resulting products, as where coarse fibers are concentrated at one portion, and fine fibers at another, with or without a gradual transition in respective fiber content at intermediate points.

150	Undigested cellulosic fiber:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes and products which include undigested cellulose, such as groundwood or sawdust. (1) Note. This subclass includes the products under "E." of the class definition of this class. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 142, for processes and products which include undigested cellulose fiber mixed with a different fiber. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428,  Stock Material Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses, for a fiber or fiber containing single or plural layer stock material product with either internal structure (e.g., crimped fiber), or external structure (e.g., corrugated sheet), where the sole disclosed method of manufacture is some process (e.g., air-laying), other than a process of fiber deposition from a liquid suspension.

151	Animal or proteinaceous fiber:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes and products which include proteinaceous fibers or fibers of animal origin. (1) Note. This subclass includes the products under "E." of the class definition of this class. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2, for processes of chemically liberating or purifying animal fibers. 143+, for processes and products containing animal or proteinaceous fibers mixed with a different fiber. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428,  Stock Material Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses, for a fiber or fiber containing single or plural layer stock material product with either internal structure (e.g., crimped fiber), or external structure (e.g., corrugated sheet), where the sole disclosed method of manufacture is some process (e.g., air-laying), other than a process of fiber deposition from a liquid suspension.

152	Mineral fiber:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes and products which contain mineral fibers. (1) Note. This subclass includes the products under "E." of the class definition of this class. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 3, for processes of chemically liberating or purifying mineral fibers. 145, for processes and products containing mineral fibers mixed with a different fiber. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclass 110 for forming articles by uniting randomly associated particles of mica. 428,  Stock Material Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses, for a fiber or fiber containing single or plural layer stock material product with either internal structure (e.g., crimped fiber), or external structure (e.g., corrugated sheet), where the sole disclosed method of manufacture is some process (e.g., air-laying), other than a process of fiber deposition from a liquid suspension.

153	Asbestos:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 152.  Processes and products which include asbestos fiber. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 588,  Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   subclass 411 for the chemical destruction of asbestos, and subclass 154 for the permanent containment of asbestos.

154	With Portland cement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 153.  Processes and products in which Portland cement is associated with asbestos. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclass 703 for plastic or coating compositions, not deposited from a suspension, which include Portland cement and a fibrous filler, (e.g., asbestos).

155	With organic additive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 153.  Processes and products which include an organic material in addition to asbestos. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 145, for processes and products which include a mixture of asbestos and an organic fibrous material.

156	Glass:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 152.  Processes and products which include glass fibers. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclasses 2+ for a process of making glass fibers or mineral wool.

157.1	Synthetic fiber (including chemically modified cellulose):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes and products which include synthetically produced fibers or chemically modified natural fibers. (1) Note. This subclass takes the formation of felted products from such fibers as regenerated cellulose, cellulose ethers and esters, synthetic resins, and wool-like cellulosic fibers, as well as such formation combined with the synthetic production or chemical modification of the fibers, in any sequence. (2) Note. This subclass includes the products under "E." of the class definition of this class. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 146, for processes and products which include such synthetic fibers in admixture with other fibers. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428,  Stock Material Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses, for a fiber or fiber containing single or plural layer stock material product with either internal structure (e.g., crimped fiber), or external structure (e.g., corrigated sheet), where the sole disclosed method of manufacture is some process (e.g., air-laying), other than a process of fiber deposition from a liquid suspension.

157.2	Synthetic resin:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 157.1.  Processes and products in which the fibers consist of synthetic resin, that is, complex organic compounds produced from ingredients which are nonresinous in themselves and which compounds simulate natural resins in that they are usually adapted for forming films or fibers or for use as binders in plastic compositions. (1) Note. Fibers which are primarily carbohydrates or derivatives thereof are excluded from this subclass or subclasses indented hereunder.

157.3	Polyamide, polyester or polyurethane:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 157.2.  Processes and products in which the fibers consist of synthetic resin containing recurring amides, ester or carbonic acid half amides, half ester, i.e., urethane groups in the main polymer chain.

157.4	Polymerized unsaturated compound:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 157.2.  Processes and products in which the fibers consist of an addition polymer through carbon to carbon unsaturation, i.e., a double or triple bond linking two adjacent carbon atoms.

157.5	Hydrocarbon or halohydrocarbon:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Processes and products in which the fibers are carbon to carbon unsaturated compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen or carbon, hydrogen and halogen.

157.6	Cellulosic:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 157.1.  Processes and products in which the fibers consist of cellulosic material.

157.7	Regenerated cellulose, viscose or rayon:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 157.6.  Processes and products in which the cellulosic fibers include regenerated cellulose, viscose or rayon.

158	Non-fiber additive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 100.  Processes and products in which a nonfibrous material, other than the suspending water is added, either to the fibrous material prior to deposition, or to the deposited fibrous product prior to the final drying thereof, and the fibrous products so produced. (1) Note. The added material need not remain in the ultimate product, but may be merely transitory. Processes and products are, in general, classified in this and indented subclasses on the basis of the particular additive, subclass 183 providing for processes which involve some particular manipulation of incorporation (many by way of cross references). (2) Note. The scope of indented subclasses providing for particular additives is determined by the definition of the class or subclass providing for the particular additive, per se, e.g., Classes 23, Chemistry: Physical Processes and 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. (3) Note. This subclass includes the products under "E." of the class definition of this class. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 10+, for processes of chemically liberating or purifying fiber combined with incorporating a nonfiber material in the final product. 135+, for processes of forming a fibrous web combined with incorporating a nonfiber material after final drying of the fibrous web or article. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses, for a coated, impregnated, or bonded stock material product, not elsewhere provided for, and appropriate subclasses for a fiber or fiber containing single or plural layers stock material product with either internal structure (e.g., crimped fiber) or external structured (e.g., corrugated or pleated) where the sole disclosed method of manufacture is some process (e.g., air-laying) other than a process of fiber deposition from a liquid suspension.

159	Fire proofing agent:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 158.  Processes and products in which the additive renders the final fibrous product fireproof. (1) Note. Patents are placed in this subclass only when the additive has the specific effect of imparting fireproof qualities. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclasses 15.05+ for fireproofing coating compositions. 252,  Compositions,   subclasses 601+ for fire retarding agents. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 921 for an art collection of flameproof products.

160	Preservative or antioxidant:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 158.  Processes and products which include a nonfiber additive which acts as a preservative for the paper or is an agent for preventing oxidation. (1) Note. Processes and products which preserve paper merely by exclusion of the atmosphere are not included, such processes and products are usually classified on the basis of the identity of the nonfiber additive. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 252,  Compositions,   subclasses 380+ for preservative agents. 426,  Foods and Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   subclasses 138 , 178+, for food products having antioxidants and subclass 228, for a food antioxidant, per se.

161	Biocidal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 160.  Processes and products in which the additive has the affect of destroying living plants or animals, (e.g., a poison). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclasses 15.05+ for biocidal and antifouling coating compositions. 424,  Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   appropriate subclass for a composition for destroying an animal or micro-organism, i.e., a biocidal composition. See especially subclasses 27+ for a paper base (carrier or vehicle) coated or impregnated with a composition of that class. 504,  Plant Protecting and Regulating Compositions,   subclasses 116.1 through 367for a composition for destroying plant life (including algae), especially subclasses 150+ for processes of killing algae, which may be part of a slime material, which are no more involved than the mere addition of a compound or composition to the slime material.

162	Coloring agent:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 158.  Processes and products including the addition to the fibers of (1) a dye, or (2) a pigment or chemical agent which produces a color in the product other than white. (1) Note. If a "pigment" is claimed, there must be a positive disclosure that the product has a color other than white, in order to justify inclusion of a process or product in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 126, for processes of producing a multilayered web or sheet in which the layers have different colors and products thereof. 181.1, for processes and products which include a pigment such as calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, etc., which impart a white color. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 8,  Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   see subclasses 400 through 696for processes of dyeing finished dry paper.

163	Fiber supplied constituent:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 158.  Processes and products in which the additive is derived in whole or in part from the fibers being treated. (1) Note. The nonfiber material may be extracted from the raw fiber-containing material and later added to the same batch of material from which it was derived, or to a different batch. The nonfiber material may also be the reaction product of an original constituent of the plant, such as a gum, wax, resin, lignin, etc., and an externally applied reagent. It may also be present as the result of redistribution within the fiber, as where it is desired to have the constituent uniformly distributed within the fiber. (2) Note. The fact that the fiber present in a process or product claimed is identified as "lignocellulose" is not, by itself, a sufficient basis for classification in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 11, for processes involving the steps of chemical liberation or purification, and adding to or retaining with the fibers, a nonfiber material of the type provided for in subclass 163.

164.1	Synthetic resin:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 158.  Subject matter including a so-called synthetic resin, that is, complex organic compounds resembling natural resins prepared from nonresinous ingredients. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 520,  Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,   particularly Classes 523 and 524 for synthetic resin or natural rubber composition which is not deposited from a liquid suspension.

164.2	Ion exchange resin or molecular sieve:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 164.1.  Subject matter wherein the synthetic resin is a cross-linked polymer carrying acid or basic groups which may be chemically reacted to substitute therefor anions or cations from other substances of opposite polarities, or substances such as some zeolites having channels within their structure large enough to admit small molecules such as water, but not large enough to admit larger molecules of the order of the size of benzene.

164.3	Epoxy containing reactant:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 164.1.  Subject matter wherein the synthetic resin is made in part from a reactant having the following group: (1) Note. Typical disclosures classified herein recite as one of the resin forming reactants as epihalohydrin, such as epichlorohydrin.

164.4	Silicon containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 164.1.  Subject matter wherein the synthetic resin molecules include the element silicon. (1) Note. Typical resins included in claims for this subclass are (e.g., silicones, siloxanes, etc.).

164.5	Sulfur containing:
	Subject matter under 164.1 wherein the synthetic resin molecules include the element sulfur. (1) Note. The synthetic resin may be, e.g., a polysulfonium resin, etc.

164.6	Nitrogen containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 164.1.  Subject matter wherein the synthetic resin molecules include the element nitrogen. (1) Note. The synthetic resin may be, e.g., polyamide, a polyamine, a polyimine, etc.

164.7	Ester type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 164.1.  Subject matter wherein the synthetic resin is the reaction product of an alcohol or phenol and an organic acid. (1) Note. The synthetic resin may be e.g., vinyl acetate, an acrylate, a reaction product of a polyhdroxy alcohol, and a polybasic acid (such as the alkyd resins), etc.

165	Phenol-aldehyde:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 164.  Processes and products including a phenol-aldehyde reaction product resin. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 520,  Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,   particularly Classes 523 and 524 for a synthetic resin composition which is not deposited from a liquid suspension.

166	Amine- or amide-aldehyde:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 164.  Processes and products including an amine- or amide-aldehyde reaction product resin. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 520,  Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,   particularly Classes 523 and 524 for a synthetic resin composition which is not deposited from a liquid suspension.

167	With additional organic reactant:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 166.  Processes and products in which the resin is prepared or is reacted with an organic material other than the amine or amide and aldehyde.

168.1	Polymerized unsaturated compound:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 164.1.  Processes and products in which the resin has been prepared by polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated organic compound. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 260,  Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   subclass 17.4 for compositions including polymerized unsaturated resins and cellulose which have not been deposited from liquid suspension.